实习手册 Traning manual

责任编辑：张洪博

第一部分

开封市历史悠久，坐落在黄河沿岸，黄河及其支流的历史演变对开封市的形成与发展有着重要的影响。

Kaifeng has a long history and is located along the Yellow River. The historical evolution of the Yellow River and its tributaries has an important influence on the formation and development of Kaifeng.

图1.1 黄河和开封的关系图

Fig. 1.1 relationship between the Yellow River and Kaifeng

现今开封城下有着六座古代城池垂直叠压在一起。

Nowadays, there are six ancient cities stacked together vertically under Kaifeng City.

“地上悬河”是指水面高于两岸地面而靠堤坝约束水流的河流或河段。

"Hanging river on the ground" refers to a river or section whose water surface is higher than the surface on both sides of the strait and which depends on the embankment to restrain the flow of water.

清明上河园是根据宋代画家张择端的画作《清明上河图》为蓝本营建的，这幅画描述了北宋（AD960-AD1127）都城汴京的繁华景象。

Qingming shanghe garden is based on a painting by Zhang Zeduan of the song dynasty, which depicts the prosperity of the capital of the northern song dynasty (ad60-ad1127), Kaifeng.

第二部分

黄河中游流经全世界面积最大的黄土高原，黄土疏松，垂直节理发育，一旦遇到大暴雨，黄河携带巨量泥沙奔向下游。从先秦时期到1921年决堤1500多次。兰考位于黄河的南岸，风沙、盐碱、内涝等自然灾害频发，焦裕禄带领激励兰考人民彻底战胜了“三害”，昔日荒沙丘、盐碱地、涝洼窝变成了稳产高产田。1952年，毛主席首次出京巡视视察黄河，2014年，习近平主席视察黄河。

The middle reaches of the Yellow River flow through the loess plateau, which has the largest area in the world. Loess is loose and vertical joints are developed. once heavy rain is encountered, the Yellow River carries a large amount of sediment to the lower reaches. From the pre-Qin period to 1921 breakwater more than 1500 times. Lankao is located on the south bank of the Yellow River. Natural disasters such as wind sand, salt and alkali, waterlogging and other natural disasters occur frequently. Jiao Yulu led the Lankao people to completely overcome the "three evils". In the past, desolate sand dunes, saline-alkali land and waterlogging depressions have become stable and high-yielding fields. In 1952, Chairman Mao visited the Yellow River for the first time, and in 2014, President Xi Jinping inspected the Yellow River.

图2.1 兰考东坝头段黄河教学图

Fig. 2.1 Teaching Map of the Yellow River in the Dongba Tou Section of Lanka

图2.3 兰考黄河防汛图

Fig. 2.3 Flood Control Diagram of Lankao Yellow River.

2.5 上世纪张庄地区风沙地貌示意图

2.5 Wind and sand landforms in Zhangzhuang area in the last century

图2.7黄河泛滥沉积剖面

Fig. 2.7 Yellow River flood deposit section

图2.8 兰考地区黄河泛滥平原地层示意图

Fig. 2.8 schematic diagram of the Yellow River flooding plain in Lankao

第三部分

The Star Viewing platform is one of the eight scenic spots in Songshan scenic area, a part of the historical building in the world cultural heritage, and the first group of national key cultural relics protection units.

图3.1 观星台（The Star Viewing platform）

Shaolin Temple is the birthplace of Chinese Zen Buddhism and Chinese kung fu.

图3.2 少林寺（Shaolin Temple）

Every year students of our college go toYuhuangmiao granite fault to visit and study.

图3.4 玉皇庙断层（Yuhuangmiao fault）

第四部分

Xiaolangdi is a famous water conservancy project.

图4.1 小浪底（Xiaolangdi）

Longmen grottoes is one of the treasures of Chinese stone carving art, and is now a world cultural heritage.

图4.2 龙门石窟（Longmen grottoes）

White horse temple is the first ancient temple in China. It is the first government-run temple built after Buddhism was introduced into China, it has a history of more than 1990 year.

图4.3 白马寺（White Horse Temple）